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Fort McMurray, Canada. The first step in the oil sands process after extraction is “upgrading”, in which particulate matter is removed from the bitumen and its viscosity reduced so that refineries can process it. This is a photograph of the top of a petroleum tank, with a walkway out to the covered inspection hatch in the centre. This tank stores 400,000 to 500,000 barrels of the world’s dirtiest oil, obtained by excavating large areas of Canadian tar sands. (Photo by J. Henry Fair/Industrial Scars/Papadakis Publisher)
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